> ## Documentation Index > Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://docs.hopticshealth.com/llms.txt > Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further. # Detected Conditions > A comprehensive reference of every clinical condition, pattern, and finding our system is designed to detect and flag — across ECG analysis, blood count interpretation, cholesterol profiling, and advanced vitals assessment. Our detection engine combines ECG DICOM analysis, complete blood count interpretation, cholesterol panel profiling, and vitals assessment to surface findings across two broad categories. Use the tabs below to explore each. ## Cardiac Rhythms A normal, healthy heartbeat originating from the heart's natural pacemaker (the sinus node), beating in a steady and regular pattern. The heart beats slower than normal but remains in a regular pattern. Common in athletes and during sleep. May cause dizziness or fatigue if excessively slow. The heart beats faster than normal while maintaining a regular rhythm. Often a normal response to exercise, stress, fever, or the body needing more oxygen. A normal variation in heart rate tied to breathing — slightly faster on inhale, slower on exhale. Common in children and young adults. Usually harmless. A brief interruption in the normal sinus rhythm where the heart's pacemaker momentarily fails to fire. May cause lightheadedness or palpitations. *** ## Atrial Conditions An irregular and often rapid heartbeat where the upper chambers beat out of sync with the lower chambers. Increases stroke risk and usually requires medical evaluation. A fast but regular rhythm caused by rapid electrical signals in the upper chambers. May cause palpitations, tiredness, or shortness of breath. A fast and irregular heartbeat caused by multiple areas in the upper chambers firing signals simultaneously. Often seen in patients with lung or heart conditions. A sudden episode of very fast heartbeat originating above the lower chambers. Begins and ends abruptly — may cause palpitations, dizziness, or chest discomfort. Every other beat is a premature atrial contraction. Patients often feel this as a persistent "skipping" sensation. Every third beat is a premature atrial contraction. Similar to bigeminy but occurring in a repeating pattern of three beats. *** ## Conduction & Heart Blocks A mild delay in the electrical signal traveling from the upper to the lower chambers. The heartbeat remains regular and this condition is often harmless and symptom-free. An electrical delay where the heartbeat occasionally skips after gradually slowing. Often harmless in young individuals. In adults over 45, it can progress to a more severe block and cause dizziness or fainting. A more serious condition where heartbeats are suddenly blocked without warning. Can cause dizziness, fainting, and usually requires prompt medical care. *** ## Ventricular & Ectopic Rhythms Extra or early heartbeats interrupting the normal rhythm. Often felt as "skipped" or "fluttering" beats. Usually harmless but may need evaluation if frequent or symptomatic. Every other beat is a premature ventricular contraction. Creates a repeating paired pattern often felt as a persistent irregular heartbeat. Every third beat is a premature ventricular contraction, creating a repeating three-beat pattern. Occurs when the sinus node is not controlling the heartbeat and the AV junction takes over. Usually slower than normal and may cause fatigue or lightheadedness. The origin of the heartbeat shifts between the sinus node and nearby areas, producing a varying rhythm. Often benign but may indicate underlying conduction issues. A fast heartbeat originating in the lower chambers. Can be dangerous as it may reduce blood flow and lead to loss of consciousness or cardiac arrest. Immediate medical care is required. The ventricles take over pacemaking when higher conduction fails. The rate is very slow and blood flow may be severely compromised. Requires urgent evaluation. A slow to moderately fast ventricular rhythm that overrides the sinus node. Commonly seen after a heart attack or during reperfusion. Requires clinical monitoring. A rhythm controlled by an implanted pacemaker. Detected and confirmed automatically to ensure the device is functioning as expected. *** ## Cardiovascular Risk Indicators These findings are derived from cholesterol panels, complete blood count results, and vitals measurements — not ECG alone. They represent independent risk signals that complement cardiac rhythm analysis. Abnormal levels of lipids in the blood — including high LDL, low HDL, or elevated triglycerides — flagged against population-adjusted thresholds. A calculated ratio reflecting the balance between harmful and protective lipids. An elevated index indicates increased risk of arterial plaque buildup. Each lipid fraction is individually staged — optimal, borderline, high, or very high — with clinical context and recommended actions. A CBC-derived inflammation marker. Elevated NLR is independently associated with coronary artery disease severity and adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Combines platelet, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts into a composite inflammation score linked to major adverse cardiac events and all-cause mortality. Red cell distribution width is an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality and heart failure outcomes — flagged when elevated above clinical thresholds. Mean platelet volume reflects platelet reactivity and thrombotic risk. Elevated MPV is associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. Blood pressure readings are staged using international guidelines — normal, elevated, stage 1, and stage 2 hypertension — with trend analysis over time. BMI is computed from height and weight and flagged against metabolic risk thresholds, with context for cardiovascular and diabetes-related risk. SpO₂ readings are evaluated for hypoxaemia patterns that may indicate cardiac or pulmonary compromise contributing to cardiovascular risk. ## Anaemia Patterns Anaemia classification goes beyond a low haemoglobin reading. Our engine uses MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW, reticulocyte data, and iron studies to determine the underlying morphological pattern and most likely cause. The most common anaemia globally. Characterised by microcytic, hypochromic red cells, low ferritin, elevated TIBC, and low transferrin saturation. Caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiency. Produces large red cells (macrocytosis), hypersegmented neutrophils, and elevated MCV. A normocytic anaemia associated with chronic inflammation, infection, or malignancy. Ferritin is normal or elevated despite functional iron deficiency. Red cell destruction detected via elevated LDH, low haptoglobin, elevated indirect bilirubin, and an appropriate reticulocyte response. Characterised by pancytopenia with a hypoproliferative marrow. Severity graded using Camitta criteria from CBC parameters. Concurrent iron and B12/folate deficiency producing a mixed morphological picture where MCV may appear deceptively normal. *** ## Haemoglobin Disorders Homozygous sickle cell disease detected via Hb electrophoresis showing >50% HbS with absent HbA. Activates the extended SCD complication scoring engine — vaso-occlusive crisis risk, acute chest syndrome, splenic sequestration, aplastic crisis, stroke risk, and hydroxyurea compliance assessment. Carrier state with HbA present alongside HbS. Generally asymptomatic with mild malaria protection. Genetic counselling recommended for family planning. Compound heterozygote with HbS and HbC. Milder than HbSS but carries meaningful risk of complications including retinopathy and thromboembolic events. Severe transfusion-dependent anaemia. Detected via HbA2 elevation, markedly elevated HbF, absent or minimal HbA, and severe microcytic anaemia. Chronic transfusion programme assessment included. Carrier state with mildly elevated HbA2 (>3.5%) and microcytosis. Important to identify before empirical iron therapy — iron will not correct this anaemia. Moderate chronic haemolytic anaemia. HbH detected on electrophoresis with characteristic inclusion bodies on peripheral film. **Neonatal emergency.** Hb Barts >60% triggers a critical alert. Requires immediate activation of neonatal ICU and fetal medicine teams. The most common haemoglobin variant in Southeast Asia. HbE alone is mild; when combined with β-thalassaemia the resulting compound disorder causes significant haemolytic anaemia. Persistently elevated HbF (>10%) in adults without significant anaemia. Benign condition but important to distinguish from β-thalassaemia. *** ## G6PD Deficiency G6PD deficiency is the most common enzyme deficiency worldwide, affecting over 400 million people. Our engine classifies severity, identifies haemolysis risk, and flags contraindicated drugs automatically. Active haemolysis scored using a composite of LDH, haptoglobin, indirect bilirubin, reticulocyte count, and MCHC. Severity graded as mild, moderate, severe, or life-threatening. Enzyme activity mapped to WHO classification — from Class I (severely deficient, chronic haemolysis) through Class V (elevated activity). Classification informed by variant name or quantitative enzyme activity when available. Contraindicated drugs including primaquine, tafenoquine, dapsone, rasburicase, and methylene blue are automatically flagged when detected in the chemotherapy regimen field. G6PD-related neonatal jaundice risk is assessed and graded. High-risk cases generate an immediate alert for phototherapy planning and close monitoring. *** ## White Cell Disorders Graded using CTCAE criteria — Grade 1 through Grade 4. Infection risk assessment and febrile neutropenia protocol triggers included for oncology patients. Elevated absolute neutrophil count flagged with contextual interpretation — bacterial infection, steroid effect, stress response, or possible myeloproliferative disease. Low absolute lymphocyte count assessed in context — HIV, steroid use, systemic illness, or miliary TB. ALC used as CD4 surrogate in HIV-positive patients. Elevated lymphocyte count with atypical lymphocyte percentage assessed for viral infection pattern (EBV, CMV) versus lymphoproliferative disease. Elevated monocyte count contextualised against TB, visceral leishmaniasis, typhoid, and chronic inflammatory disease patterns. Graded eosinophilia assessed against parasitic infection, atopic disease, and hypereosinophilic syndrome thresholds with organ involvement risk flagging. Elevated basophils flagged as a potential myeloproliferative signal — particularly in the context of CML screening. **Any blast percentage >0 triggers an urgent leukaemia alert** requiring same-day haematology review. IPSS-R partial score computed for MDS risk stratification when relevant. *** ## Platelet Disorders Platelet count graded by CTCAE severity. Bleeding risk assessment, EDTA pseudothrombocytopenia detection (PLT \<50 + MPV >13), and immune thrombocytopenia pattern flagging included. Elevated platelet count differentiated between reactive causes (iron deficiency, infection, post-splenectomy) and clonal myeloproliferative disease patterns. Disseminated intravascular coagulation scored using the ISTH overt DIC algorithm — incorporating platelet count, PT, fibrinogen, and D-dimer when available. *** ## Endemic Infection CBC Patterns When geographic or clinical context flags are provided, our engine activates specialist infection pattern scoring engines that evaluate the CBC signature of endemic infectious diseases. A probability score is computed from haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and haemoconcentration patterns. Activated in malaria-endemic regions. A thick and thin blood film remains mandatory — CBC pattern alone cannot confirm or exclude malaria. Dengue CBC pattern scored against WHO 2009 criteria — leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and haemoconcentration (Hct rise ≥20% from baseline). Plasma leakage detection triggers a dengue with warning signs alert. Leukopenia with relative neutropenia, monocytosis, and normocytic anaemia assessed as a typhoid probability signal. Leukocytosis in this context flags possible GI perforation or secondary infection. Pancytopenia with monocytosis and elevated LDH assessed as a VL hallmark pattern. High-signal cases generate an urgent alert for bone marrow biopsy and antileishmanial workup. Normocytic anaemia of chronic disease, monocytosis, lymphopenia, and elevated ESR/CRP assessed as a TB haematological signal. Miliary TB pattern (WBC \<4 + thrombocytopenia + lymphopenia + LDH >500) triggers an urgent bone marrow biopsy recommendation. *** ## Pre-Analytic Quality Control Flags Before any clinical interpretation is issued, the system evaluates sample quality. When QC concerns are detected, downstream critical alerts are gated until a fresh sample is confirmed. PLT \<50 combined with paradoxically high MPV (>13 fL) — suggests platelet clumping in EDTA. Repeat in citrate or heparin tube before acting on apparent thrombocytopenia. Visually haemolysed plasma flags MCHC and haemoglobin as potentially falsely elevated. Fresh atraumatic sample recommended. Turbid or milky plasma flags photometric haemoglobin measurement as unreliable. Fasting sample or ultracentrifugation recommended. MCHC ≥38 g/dL is flagged as an artefact — the physiological maximum is 36.5 g/dL. Causes include cold agglutinins, lipaemia, and in vitro haemolysis. Sample delay >12 hours flags MCV and platelet count as unreliable — MCV rises by 3–10 fL and platelets decay with prolonged storage. PLT \<30 combined with WBC \<2 and RBC \<2.5 outside an aplasia or chemotherapy context raises a clotted sample flag. *** **Need help?** Contact our [Support team](https://hopticshealth.com/contact) or shoot us an email at [info@hopticshealth.com](mailto:info@hopticshealth.com).